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Literature Review
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have become more popular over the past few years. GMOs are organisms that have had their genetic material altered using genetic engineering techniques. They are often not recognized as genetically modified when they are bought and consumed. They are often referred to GE (genetically engineered) or genetically modified foods. The topic of genetically modified organisms is very controversial. The debate is whether GMOs have negative affects on the health of society or are they completely safe for humans and the environment. As stated in the introduction, the thesis of this research is if people become more aware of the affects of GMO's, then genetically modified organisms will become less popular because there are many health and moral issues dealing with GMO's. This literature review is a review of the secondary research that has been found on the topic of GMOs. The secondary research that supports the thesis will be discussed along with research that has shown to refute the thesis. Research also explains that the opinions of GMOs are different depending on ones culture. These topics will be addressed while analysing research from previous studies.
Many articles found support the thesis. Research has shown that genetically modified organisms are harmful to the health of humans, animals and the environment. A study done on rats has shown the damaging effects of genetically modified corn after their exposure to it. “Scientists found that rats exposed to even the smallest amounts, developed mammary tumors and severe liver and kidney damage.”(Adams, 2012). This study proves that genetically modified organisms affect the health of animals which means they are also likely to have a negative effect on the health of humans. The lies that are told about genetically modified foods are discussed as well. It is believed that GMOs are not harmful for the health of humans after consumption, but articles have stated that these are false. “Lie: GE foods pose no health safety risks.” “Lie: GE crops aren’t harmful to the environment.” (Kaldveer, 2013). These are some of the lies that consumers are told about GMOs in order for them to not worry about the real health risks on humans and the environment. There may be personal bias in this article that should be accounted for. There are no studies to prove that these are lies. If these lies are what the consumers are seeing and listening to, they will have no concern about purchasing and consuming the genetically modified products that are found in grocery stores. The purpose of these articles is to inform the reader of the negative effects of genetically modified organisms and why they should be avoided by consumers.
Research has shown to be contradictory to the thesis. Scientists have stated that there is no proof that genetically modified organisms have negative effects on the health of human, animals or the environment. “The researchers couldn’t find a single credible example demonstrating that GM foods pose any harm to humans or animals.” (Entine, 2013). The studies that have been done that prove GMOs cause negative effects on human health have all had a fault within the experiment/research. Faulty experiments cannot prove anything. “And the scientific consensus is increasingly clear: there is no convincing evidence that GMOs are any more likely to be harmful than conventionally bred varieties.” (Schiffman, 2013). Consumers will likely chose the cheaper choice if the health factor is the same. Genetically modified foods are cheaper than organic types. Without evidence that genetically modified foods are harmful to human health there is nothing proven. Consumers will not avoid genetically modified organisms if there are no risks associated with them.
There are two clear sides to this argument. If the decision making factor is science, then some will believe they are harmful while some believe they will cause no negative effects on human health. The social aspect cannot be proven by science. Consumers have different opinions on what is considered morally right. Altering the natural state of organisms can be considered unethical by some individuals. GMOs are organisms that have had their DNA changed for a more desirable product. People believe that DNA should not be altered and should be left in the most natural state. This is one of the largest problems with GMOs according to consumers. “We are entering a new era in which the social value of science and technology will be under attack by political groups that are looking for simplistic solutions to the many changes that are sweeping the planet.” (Someville, 2000). Social aspects of GMOs have overcome the scientific results. Cultural differences also have an effect on the opinion of genetically modified organisms. GMOs sell well in the United States, but when the US wanted to sell to Europe the consumers in Europe did not purchase the crops. “According to a European Union study, 75 percent of Germans are opposed to consuming or expanding genetically modified crops.” (Hontz-Ward, 2013). For some German residents not eating genetically modified food is a matter of principle. The social aspect of the decision to eat GMOs has become a large factor for some individuals.
The research has shown to agree and disagree with the thesis and has also come up with reason as to why there are differences of opinion. The primary research that will be conducted will gather opinions on genetically modified organisms. This will allow an analysis to be made connecting the primary research to the research that has been previously studied and discussed in this review.